[173][174], For Churchill, the entry of the United States into the war was the "greatest joy". [59] This was summarised at the time by the slogan "No taxation without representation", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. The convention of driving on the left hand side of the road has been retained in much of the former empire. This was the flattening of the world, for better and for worse. This map shows British, Dutch and Spanish shipping routes from 1750 to 1800. This is a new Europe. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, called the All Red Line. Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. A process whereby soverignty over the colony is claimed by the metropolitan center and the social structure, government, and … AP® WORLD HISTORY 2018 SCORING GUIDELINES ©2018 The College Board Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org Question 1 — Document-Based Question . Not all of these territories where acquired in this era, but they will go on to be the largest empire in world history in the next era. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. [227] Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did Trinidad and Tobago. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a condominium with France. [113], During the 19th century, Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire, Qajar dynasty and Qing dynasty. The American War of Independence resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. Speed. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. 1870. In response, Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. [58][62] The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success. [192] Millions of Muslims crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. [197] The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. [6][7], British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. [145] The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy. 40 India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates. [173] The war weakened the empire in other ways: undermining Britain's control of politics in India, inflicting long term economic damage, and irrevocably changing geopolitics by pushing the Soviet Union and the United States to the centre of the global stage. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. [125] In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44% shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (equivalent to £380 million in 2019). This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire". Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign. [213] Although Britain granted Kuwait independence in 1961, it continued to maintain a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. [152] The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British economy. [251] British missionaries who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread Protestantism (including Anglicanism) to all continents. [104] Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been described by some historians as an "Informal Empire". At the time, England was the epicenter of the British Empire but had relatively few natural resources. [165][166] After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926, declaring the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". (Unfortunately, the French data is not shown.) [169] In 1937 the Irish Free State introduced a republican constitution renaming itself Ireland. Industrial Revolution: Definition. 7258. This isn't Marco Polo. https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/imperial-reorganization [244] The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many,[8] including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire". The British experience resembled the Dutch process in Java. They are part of the second wave of exploration and discovery. Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. [170], Britain's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. [248] Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. [198] Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union. [31] The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labour, and—at first—Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar. Colonialism Definition The establishment, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. [121] In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. [26], In 1603, James VI of Scotland ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. The three territories remained part of the British Empire and were dependent on its economy. An empire is a group of colonies that are ruled by a single power, and while Britain itself has always been quite small in land mass and located far away from many of the places it has governed, it somehow succeeded in growing the largest empire in history. [41], The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. [130], British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted Cecil Rhodes, pioneer of British expansion in Southern Africa, to urge a "Cape to Cairo" railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral-rich south of the continent. [52] Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire continued the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted until 1714 and was concluded by the Treaty of Utrecht. [185] At first British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth,[186] but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible "wind of change" blowing. [90], With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy. Description. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement. In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. They will take over most of the world in this era (if not, in the next). [107] In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island, at that time a minor settlement, and other Treaty Ports including Shanghai. Learn. They are. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia, but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations and became an independent city-state. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. [118] The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 limited its threat to the British. They are part of the second wave of exploration and discovery. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements. [94] The British government compensated slave-owners. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. [139], By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation". [129] The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. Maximum Possible Points: 7 “Evaluate the extent to which railroads affected the process of empire -building in Afro-Eurasia between 1860 and 1918.” Points Rubric Notes A: [41], Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. [146], Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war. [175] He felt that Britain was now assured of victory,[176] but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations [which he knew] lay ahead"[177] in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of the empire. [224] In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of Zimbabwe. [49], In 1695, the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama. [72] The coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch in 1606,[73] but there was no attempt to colonise it. After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. [56] In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the Presidency Armies, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys, led by British officers. [49] The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain Gibraltar and Menorca. Agents of the British East India Company were drawn into local wars as the Mughal Empire disintegrated during the 18th century. A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability. [159], In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War, was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. [109] The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. British Empire. • The event depicted in the image reflects the disintegration of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of the British conquest of India, eventually allowing Great Britain to become the world’s greatest global power. [193], The British Mandate in Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. [163] This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. Grace Reid March 27, 2018 3 rd Period AP World AP World History Vocabulary: Chapter 28 Definitions 1. [236] The British Parliament had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. [57] The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers. In many Indian languages, it literally means Prince or Royalty though is often used to mean something more like the English term of empire and as such is often used in reference to the Mughal Raj and the British Raj: the period of direct colonial rule of India by the British Empire. [120] British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. [249], Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that arose from the British Empire. Archduke Ferdinand – Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassinations in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WWI 2. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. Imperialist tensions arose over the Eastern Question concerning the fate of the decaying Ottoman Empire also. Below, find our last and eventually largest Maritime empire: The BRITISH EMPIRE. [66] The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital[50] was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. [49] In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted for thirteen years. The US declared war, the War of 1812, and invaded Canadian territory. [105], The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. [181], Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. [93] Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838. The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. Basic European cultural forms prevailed. British attention then turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. This First British Empire laid her foundation in this period. [47], Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget to the costly land war in Europe. [231], British territories in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with Fiji in 1970 and ending with Vanuatu in 1980. Although no longer able to pass any laws that would apply as Australian Commonwealth law, the British Parliament retained the power to legislate for the individual Australian states. [202] Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. [253] The demographics of Britain itself were changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies. A Zamindar (also known as zomindar, zomidar, or jomidar) in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a state who accepted the suzerainty of the Emperor of Hindustan.The term means land owner in Persian.Typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of … In the next era, the British Empire will dominate the world. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. However, don't confuse this "British Empire", with the one from the next era. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. I'm not talking about Charlemagne here. In reality, this was rarely peaceable or altruistic. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. The act ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. The Mediterranean colony of Malta was amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of Malta, though the idea had been raised in 1955 of integration with Britain. [1] By 1913 the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time,[2] and by 1925 it covered 35,000,000 km2 (13,500,000 sq mi),[3] 24% of the Earth's total land area. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th–4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. I'm talking about the Spanish Empire. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [22][23] That year, Gilbert sailed for the Caribbean with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. [260] International commercial contracts are often based on English common law. [134] Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. [167] This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. [37] In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. [116] The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. During Raj, British built railroads, roads, canals in India By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products Raj Impact British manufactured goods devastated India’s pre-existing textile industry Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. Current, Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783–1815), East India Company rule and the British Raj in India, Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815–1860, History of the United Kingdom during the First World War, special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, driving on the left hand side of the road, Territorial evolution of the British Empire, History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom, Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories, "Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578", New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, "Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire? [164] Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. [60], The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires,[61] in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. These Europeans will come to your land and stay there. [150] This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s[151] as militaristic governments took hold in Germany and Japan helped in part by the Great Depression, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. The metropolitan center and the two Pacific Dominions the countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day to gold... The situation was complicated further by the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise no! 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