In particular, kinship refers to social relationships that usually coincide with biological ones. Systematic Kinship Terminologies. The term descent groups is thus limited to unilineal or double descent groups. The Nuer in Sudan, as well as the ancient Romans, have kinship groups of typical patrilineal or agnatic descent. Additional Anthropology Flashcards . descent, in anthropology, method of classifying individuals in terms of their various kinship connections. The term descent denotes the relationship that bonds the child to its mother or father, through which the elements that constitute the main characteristics of their status are transmitted. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, p. 366-370. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships to make them more understandable. STUDY. Other societies trace descent through only one of the parent’s family line. Bilineal Descent. Law Transmission of property, especially real estate, to a hereditary heir by an intestate owner. Term. Many American anthropologists, following Murdock (1949), regard a "clan" as the Descent. For example, in many societies, children who are breast-fed by the same mother are considered siblings. Morgan and especially Pitt-Rivers and Radcliffe-Brown formulated a series of theories that reproduction by way of descent is the main principle of kinship. … the cognatic pattern of descent in which an individual is both a member of his mother's matrilineage and his father's patrilineage. Descent or lineage theory explores the ways in which consanguineal (or blood) relations are structured in various societies. 2001. Marriage is, however, strictly forbidden for all matrilateral relatives belonging to the mother’s wider kinship group. Les structures élémentaires de la parenté. Descent groups help to define the pool of potential mates, the group of people who are obligated to help in economic and political issues, and may even dictate which religion is followed, particularly in unilineal descent groups. things of high value given by a groom to his bride's father. Ambilineality is a cognatic descent system in which individuals may be affiliated either to their father's or mother's group. Descent Principles: Part 1. These include name, surname, heritage, and so on. The fact or process of being derived or developing from a source: a paper tracing the descent of the novel from old picaresque tales. Note that sociocultural anthropology and ethnology are closely related fields of study. In Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Vol. We call these corporate descent groups. Term. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1949). Match. In the Ashanti in Ghana, children inherit their fathers’ “spirit” as a characteristic of their status, but they belong to their mothers’ kinship groups, with whom they cohabit. Family of orientation: Definition. Bilateral descent refers to descent derived from both sibs equally. Nuclear family is _____ but not _____. Introduction à deux theories d’anthropologie sociale. If no limitation were placed on the recognition of kinship, everybody would be kin to everyone else; but in most societies some limitation is imposed on the perception of common ancestry, so that a person regards many of his associates as not his kin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This system is termed double descent or bilineal descent, not to be confused with bilateral or cognatic descent, where descent is equally determined by both parents’ sides. These include name, surname, heritage, and so on. PLAY. Descent groups usually appear organized in such a way that enables them to make political, religious, or social decisions affecting their members. In J. Goody & L. Roper (Eds. 9., Africa and the Middle East. theory. Terms in this set (23) Patrilineal Descent. descent. When family is reckoned along the father’s line the group is patrilineal. When the elements of an individual’s status are transmitted through men, in particular the father, the descent is termed patrilineal or agnatic. alliescheider18. It is a central aspect of the study of kinship and has... From: descent theory in Dictionary of the Social Sciences » Schwimmer, Brian. It is worthy to note their close link, stemming from a common social and biological character (only the former being necessary). … Goody, J. Cultural Anthropology, 13th edition. Married couples live away from their parents. Cultural Anthropology, 2nd edition. Definition of Bilineal Descent. 6. Affiliation to a descent group will be determined either by choice or by residence. Write. Tracing of a relationship through females only. Anthropology. Test. Groupes de filiation et alliance de mariage. bride price. A descent group is any social group in which membership depends on common descent from a real or mythical ancestor. Individuals in a culture may think of other people as kin even though they are not formally recognized by the culture itself. Lineage is the wider group of individuals beyond the family who are interconnected through consanguineal kinship and who acknowledge a common ancestor. Spell. Correspondingly, when the elements of status have been transmitted by women, by mothers in particular, the descent is called matrilineal or uterine. When descent and locality appear parallel, that is, when patrilineal descent goes together with patrilocality or virilocality (residence with patrilateral relatives) and matrilineal descent goes together with matrilocality or uxorilocality (residence with matrilateral relatives), the descent system is described as harmonic. Descent rules determine mainly membership to the parents’ kinship groups; in other words, descent is more of a social convention than a biological relationship. Descent, the system of acknowledged social parentage, which varies from society to society, whereby a person may claim kinship ties with another. Based on descent and lineage, kinship determines family-line relationships—and even sets rules on who can marry and with whom, says Puja Mondal in "Kinship: Brief Essay on Kinship." Such relatives may be known as cognates. 2010. In this arrangement Ego is a member of two separate and fundamentally distinct groups: a uterine group through his mother (in red) and an agnatic group through his father (in blue). Some societies trace through both parents (e.g., Canada and the United States). Create your own flash cards! The individuals indicated in blue constitute the patrilineal descendants of a common ancestor. Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology, 4th edition. Schwimmer, Brian. Matrilineal and patrilineal descent refer to the mother's or father's sib (or other group), respectively. These kinship groups are respectively known as matrilineal, patrilineal, or double descent groups. A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations. Kinship: Definition. Cultural Anthropology, 7th edition. Cultural recognition of children as kin of one or both parents is basis for the descent concept. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/kinterms/termsys.html, accessed February 24, 2015. http://wikieducator.org/Cultural_Anthropology/Social_Institutions/Kinship. This type of descent results in descent groups which are non-unilineal in the sense that descent passes either through women or men, contrary to unilineal systems, whether patrilineal or matrilineal. Anthropological data suggests that cognatic descent arose in cultures where warfare is uncommon and there is a political organization that can organize and fight on behalf of the members. Most Western societies fall into this category, with children usually bearing their father’s surname. Undergraduate 1. 1995. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/case_studies/turkish/turkterm.html, accessed February 24, 2015. 2007. apical ancestor/ess (RK:148). Bilateral descent refers to descent derived from both sibs equally. n. in anthropology, refers to a system of inheritance or descent wherein both paternal and maternal sides are equally recognized. the biological relationship that determines who one’s relatives are and one’s relationship with them. Kinship was regarded as the theoretical and methodological core of social anthropology in the early and middle part of the 20th century. Here we have two unilineal descents juxtaposed. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. 05/02/2011. Other societies trace descent through only one of the parent’s family line. Cognatic kinship is a mode of descent calculated from an ancestor or ancestress counted through any combination of male and female links, or a system of bilateral kinship where relations are traced through both a father and mother. In the … A different view to these older theories is aired by Levi-Strauss’s alliance theory, which links the exchange of women and the interdiction of incest as the organizational principles of kinship. A very inclusive definition is two or more people who define themselves as a family. Kinship figured "downwards" from grandparents to parents to children to grandchildren etc. A matriline is traced through the mother’s family line and partrilines are traced through the father’s. Descent. Learn. In all societies, kinship and descent are two different notions: Kinship is a social relationship that may or may not coincide with a biological one; descent is a social convention that may require a biological relationship. Some societies trace through both parents (e.g., Canada and the United States). If EGO chooses the mother’s side, then everyone marked in orange would be considered family. Created. descent, in anthropology, method of classifying individuals in terms of their various kinship connections. Both men and women are included in the patrilineage A system of descent in which individuals receive some rights and obligations from the father's side of the family and others from the mother's side, - A form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or the female line, - A type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mother's kin and their father's kin relatively equally, The married couple lives with … Created by. The term descent denotes the relationship that bonds the child to its mother or father, through which the elements that constitute the main characteristics of their status are transmitted. Descent group: Definition. Tuareg. Also known as "double descent." 2011. Whether the group is of matrilineal, patrilineal, or double descent depends on whether its members claim a common ancestor (who may be an existing or mythical person) and whether their characteristics are determined through the mother, the father, or both. A combination of matrilineal and patrilineal descent. cognates = kin related through either the father (male filiation) or the mother (female filiation) bilineal descent = males descend through males, females through females. In a cognatic descent, all descendants of an ancestor\ancestress enjoy membership of a common descent group by virtue of … The symbols shown here are usually employed. group based on belief in shared ancestry: Term. This is the case with the two forms of real kinship: consanguinity and affinity. Fox, R. (1984). (1983). There are two principal reasons for this: First, although not all human groups are constituted on the basis of kinship, all humans have kinship as individuals and are related to other individuals through it. We define descent as unilineal or unilateral when the elements of an individual’s status are transmitted through only one parent and the individual belongs to only one parent’s kinship group. Mondal adds that kinship sets guidelines for interactions between people and defines the proper, acceptable relationship between father and daughter, brother and sister, or husband and wife, for example. BILATERAL DESCENT: "Because of bilateral descent, it is possible for one member of a tribe to belong to two different clans." Consanguinity may exist, but it is in no way a necessary requirement. Matrilineal and patrilineal descent refer to the mother's or father's sib (or other group), respectively. When family is reckoned along the mother’s line the group is matrilineal. A less common variant form, a stock, or bilateral descent group is based on tracing descent lines back to founding ancestors. Lineages trace lines of descent to the same ancestor. 5. Term. Kinship has traditionally been one of the key topics in social and cultural anthropology. Matrilineal Descent. The group typically owns property together. Level. Other articles where Unilineal descent is discussed: clan: This descent is usually unilineal, or derived only through the male (patriclan) or the female (matriclan) line. Because descent systems determine the kinship group to which individuals belong and with whom they usually cohabit, descent also appears related to the location of residence of both individuals and groups. nuclear family established when one marries and has children: Term. tries 1. ), The development of family and marriage in Europe (pp. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. A kinship group constituting an intermediate division in the primitive structure of the Hellenic tribe or phyle, consisting of several patrilinear clans, and surviving in classical times as a territorial subdivision in the political and military organization of the Athenian state. Sign up here. They are usually ego focused and are formed by tracing relationships from both parents throughout an everwidening network of kinship called a kindred. Example of Ambilineal Descent The people of the Gilbert Islands traditionally practiced ambilineal descent as described by Bernd Lambert (1932) in “ … Click here to study/print these flashcards. Cultural recognition of children as kin of one or both parents is basis for the descent concept. Descent Group: Definition. 1996. In Congo, for example, the husband lives in the same village as his father and sons (patrilocal residence) but belongs and inherits goods from his matrilineal descent group (matrilineal descent). Clans may segment into subclans or lineages, and genealogical… Just as it applies to individuals, descent can pertain to groups when group members biologically descend from a common ancestor or when they declare this to be the case, as slaves did by assuming membership of their owner’s kinship group. Gravity. This descent was common among the Iroquois Native Americans, and it still happens in the Hopi tribe. Parents also determine our membership in kinship groups: our mother’s, our father’s, or both. Tracing of relationship through males and females. Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. Cards Return to Set Details. In the common British anthropological sense, a descent group, usually consisting of several lineages, between which shared descent from an ancestor (or ancestress) is assumed but cannot actually be demonstrated (NG-164; RF 49). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Crapo, Richley. 222-239). In the illustration below, if EGO chooses the father’s side of the family, then everyone marked in blue would be considered kin. (noun) Tracing an individual’s descent either through the father or mother as chosen by the individual. Therefore, there are emotional ties to both. Keep in mind that this is at the cultural level. Patrilineal, or agnatic, descent is established by tracing descent exclusively through males from a founding male ancestor. Some societies have an even more complicated descent system, combining matrilineal and patrilineal descent but with only one of them being commonly accepted. Speaking anthropologically, bilateral descent is the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines. Cultural Anthropology: Understanding Ourselves and Others. 2002. Unilineal Descent Groups. We can define descent as bilateral or cognatic when the characteristics of our status are transmitted through both parents and we belong to both parents’ kinship groups. Cards Return to Set Details. For instance, the patrilineal Nuer are patrilocal and the matrilineal Hopi, matrilocal. Descent is traced equally from both parents. There are cases, however, where descent and locality are opposed, as system we then describe as disharmonie More specifically, a disharmonic system can combine either patrilineal descent with matrilocality or matrilineal descent with patrilocality. These theories are known as descent theories. Paris: PUF. In many matrilineal or uterine descent societies, the mother’s brother has the primary role in the kinship group, corresponding to the father’s role in cases of patrilineal or agnatic descent. There are two basic descent systems: corporate and cognatic. Kinship and marriage: An anthropological perspective. Turkish Kin Terms. This is the form of descent practiced in the United States. Also see "extended family," "nuclear family," U.S. Census Bureau definitions. In the Trobriands in Melanesia, the son belongs to his mother’s kinship group in which her brother is also included; following the son’s marriage, the son and his wife live with the said brother. Kinship is reckoned in a number of different ways around the world, resulting in a variety of types of descent patterns and kin groups. 2010. This is not the same as bilateral descent. Kinship and descent are each notions that have been of particular preoccupation to social anthropologists, as much due to their importance as because of the difficulties they present. A man and a woman who are distant patrilateral relatives are allowed to marry when it becomes impossible for them to name their common patrilateral ancestor, usually after four or five generations. Conversely, in the Yako in Nigeria, children belong to and live with the patrilateral kinship group. Kin groups: Clans, lineages and lignages. Rassumussen, Susan J. In the case of cognatic descent, there is no proper descent group, as neither patrilateral nor matrilateral relatives constitute a descent group because they both simultaneously belong to two kinship groups. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Harris, Marvin and Oran Johnson. Clan is the even wider social group in which members acknowledge a common ancestry and whose relationships are ruled by solidarity. Tracing descent through males only. Descent systems determine the parents who transmit the main characteristics of individuals’ status. Some Native American tribes use the ambilineal system. fields of anthropology - physical, linguistics, sociocultural, and archaeology. Dumont, L. (1971). Some basic definitions by different people: “The social relationships deriving from blood ties ( real and supposed) and marriage are collectively referred to as kinship.” – Abercrombie et al ‘Kinship is the recognition of relationships between persons based on descent or marriage. In societies that regard some races or ethnic groups of people as dominant or superior and others as subordinate or inferior, hypodescent refers to the automatic assignment by the dominant culture of children of a mixed union or sexual relations between members of different socioeconomic groups or ethnic groups to the subordinate group. Anthropology. The anthropology of kinship is about the socially transmitted information - in a word, culture - in which behaviour towards kin is embedded. For instance, we consider adopted individuals (fictitious or ritual kinship) to have the same descent as the members of the group that adopted them. In bilateral systems, children are equally descended through both parents. Although comparative studies gradually abandoned an explicit evolutionist agenda, there remained an implicit evolutionary cast to the way in which kinship studies were framed. Normally, but not always, the clans are exogamous, or out-marrying: marriage within the clan is forbidden and regarded as a form of incest. 2. Descent - AnthroBase - Dictionary of Anthropology: A searchable database of anthropological texts. ( noun) Tracing an individual’s descent through the father’s male line and the mother’s female line. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. Paris: Mouton. It is a way of showing respect for the bride and her parents. nuclear family in which one is born and grows up: Term. This patrilateral group is strictly exogamic; their matrilateral group is much less so. Extending our discussion of kinship and descent, a kinship group (either lineage or clan) may be of matrilineal, patrilineal, or double descent. In these cases, individuals belong to the groups constituted by their fathers’ kin without overlooking their consanguinity links with their mothers. Family of procreation : Definition. In many societies, descent is an important principle for distribution of inheritance and definition of group membership (e.g. Additional Anthropology Flashcards . In corporate descent cultures only one family line is recognized as kin. The opposite practice is hyperdescent, in which children are … Pseudokinship or fictitious kinship takes place when the social relationships simulate the ones arising through real kinship (consanguinity or affinity) but without any biological relationship. Flashcards. People from both sides of the family are considered relatives. Inheritance is allocated equally between siblings. Ambilineal systems require children to choose either the mother or father’s side of the family to be reckoned relatives. Cognatic descent is also referred to as non-unilineal descent and there are two types of cognatic descent: bilateral and ambilineal. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lavenda Robert H. and Emily A. Schultz. 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