Louis XIV was ultimately directed into a marriage that was a political, rather than a romantic, union by wedding the daughter of Spain’s King Philip IV, Marie-Thérèse, in 1660. [62] In support, they cite the emigration of about 200,000 highly skilled Huguenots (roughly one-fourth of the Protestant population, or 1% of the French population) who defied royal decrees and fled France for various Protestant states, weakening the French economy and enriching that of Protestant states. In 1673, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette discovered the Mississippi River. Louis XV was born in the Palace of Versailles on 15 February 1710 during the reign of his great-grandfather Louis XIV. The wedding sealed the reconciliation between France and Spain. The old military aristocracy (the Noblesse d'épée, or "nobility of the sword") ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. Louis initially supported traditional Gallicanism, which limited papal authority in France, and convened an Assembly of the French clergy in November 1681. He sometimes danced leading roles which were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo, or the Sun). Louis was willing enough to tax the nobles but was unwilling to fall under their control, and only towards the close of his reign, under extreme stress of war, was he able, for the first time in French history, to impose direct taxes on the aristocratic elements of the population. The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. Although a part of Alsace, Strasbourg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace and was thus not ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia. Louis turned next against the United Provinces of the Netherlands in the third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-78). Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. Louis also sought Strasbourg, an important strategic crossing on the left bank of the Rhine and theretofore a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, annexing it and other territories in 1681. [92], Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Catholic Church in France. King Louis XIV was the Sun King as he preferred to be referred to, as he believed he was sent by God personally to rule France. [114], Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. All that remained of his immediate family was Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte. He sailed for England with troops despite Louis's warning that France would regard it as a provocation. He took delivery of an African elephant as a gift from the king of Portugal. More blatantly, he seized both the Alsatian city of Strasbourg and Casale, in northern Italy, in 1681. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns. With Fouquet dismissed, Colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation. The history of Versailles is inextricably linked with the figure of Louis XIV. Before its dissolution eight months later, the Assembly had accepted the Declaration of the Clergy of France, which increased royal authority at the expense of papal power. Six months later, Joseph Ferdinand died. This restored to non-Catholics their civil rights and the freedom to worship openly. Needless-to-say, this has given rise to a number of salacious rumours. Louis' policy of the Réunions may have raised France to its greatest size and power during his reign, but it alienated much of Europe. [75] In any case, peace in 1697 was desirable to Louis, since France was exhausted from the costs of the war. [50] Moreover, by entertaining, impressing, and domesticating them with extravagant luxury and other distractions, Louis not only cultivated public opinion of him, he also ensured the aristocracy remained under his scrutiny. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. The reign of Louis XIV is often referred to as “Le Grand Siècle” (the Great Century), forever associated with the image of an absolute monarch and a strong, centralised state. the image of Louis XIV in the menu is taken from PC-Game "Versailles II" created by Cryo Interactive Entertainment. His uncle, the future. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles II's will. A long and bitter quarrel (1673-93) with the pope was concluded when the king withdrew the French clergy's Four Gallican Articles of 1682, in which they had claimed quasi-independence from the papacy for the French church (see Gallicanism). Further down the French line of succession in 1715 was the House of Conde, followed by the House of Conti (a cadet branch of the House of Conde). A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while during his reign, the kingdom took part in three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Even before war was officially declared, hostilities began with Imperial aggression in Italy. The threat of an escalation and a secret treaty to divide Spanish possessions with Emperor Leopold, the other major claimant to the throne of Spain, led Louis to relinquish many of his gains in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. By the winter of 1708–09, he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that largely worked well under Louis. [78] If Anjou refused, the throne would be offered to his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry. Despite military defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of their losses under the 1679 treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund imposed on Denmark-Norway and Brandenburg.[38]. The king thereafter controlled his own government until his death, acting through his high state council (conseil d'en haut) and a few select ministers, whom he called or dismissed at will. Conseil d'en haut ("High Council", concerning the most important matters of state)—composed of the king, the crown prince, the controller-general of finances, and the secretaries of state in charge of various departments. [103], Louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign. [23], Louis XIV was declared to have reached the age of majority on 7 September 1651. During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. He also used tapestries as a medium of exalting the monarchy. [104][105], Ballet dancing was actually used by Louis as a political tool to hold power over his state. Much has been written about the possibility that Louis XIV‘s wife, the Queen, gave birth to a black baby, a daughter. In 1685 the king took the disastrous step of revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right to worship by his Edict of Fontainebleau, often called the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Thus, his generosity to Spain with regard to Catalonia has been read as a concession to foster pro-French sentiment and may ultimately have induced King Charles II to name Louis's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, heir to the Spanish throne. France, however, profited most from the settlement. The Allies suffered a Pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Malplaquet with 21,000 casualties, twice that of the French. Louis generously supported the royal court of France and those who worked under him. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these historians as the result of Louis' consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport . This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.[13]. During this time he brought absolute monarchy to its height, established a glittering court at Versailles, and fought most of the other European countries in four wars. Nonetheless, France rallied. A CONNECTICUT YANKEE IN KING ARTHUR’S COURT The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, Complete, by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. However, he was also a neglected child, cared for by servants. He could agree to a partition of the Spanish possessions and avoid a general war, or accept Charles II's will and alienate much of Europe. Reconciliation with the papacy aided Louis's attempt to suppress Jansenism. Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences. Unsurprisingly, the pope repudiated the Declaration.[4]. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that Louis' public image in most of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, was dealt a severe blow. Marlborough and Eugene met again at the Battle of Oudenarde, which enabled them to invade France. Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, had to flee to the Spanish Netherlands. [46] Furthermore, Louis' librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.[47][48]. Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. While his mother was regent the great nobles and the judges of the parlement of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated revolt (the Fronde of 1648-53) in reaction to the centralizing policies of Louis XIII's minister Cardinal Richelieu and his successor, Mazarin. They argue that most of France's preeminent Protestant businessmen and industrialists converted to Catholicism and remained.[63]. Parliament declared the throne vacant, and offered it to James's daughter Mary II and his son-in-law and nephew William. Marie-Therese of Austria, queen consort of King Louis XIV of France. He also enforced uniformity of religion under the Gallican Catholic Church. According to historian Philip Mansel, the king turned the palace into: Apartments were built to house those willing to pay court to the king. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the final terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710. He reputedly had more, but the difficulty in fully documenting all such births restricts the list only to the better-known and/or legitimised. In addition to portraits, Louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s, to stand in Paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule. Synopsis. [121] Leibniz, the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as "one of the greatest kings that ever was". In July 1695, the city of Namur, occupied for three years by the French, was besieged by an allied army led by William III. Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house. 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